Diversity Living World

INTRODUCTION: Diversity Living World discusses in detail the pictures. Life leads to various aspects such as growth, development, rebirth, respiration, evolution, and other different aspects of life known as Living. These traits are found in animals, plants, and other living things.

Growth: Increase in human size. Plant growth occurs throughout life but animal growth occurs over a period of years.
Reproduction: The formation of young ones is almost identical to that of parents. Reproduction is asexual by one parent and reproduction sexual occurs by both parents. Asexual reproduction occurs by fission, spores, fragmentation, and regeneration. Sexual reproduction occurs by sex cells. *Mules, infertile humans, sterile worker bees, and nonliving objects do not reproduce.
Cellular organisation: Cellular organisation Contains many components that help in the whole body organism. The cells are formed by living matter.
Consciousness: Ability to sense their environment and respond to external stimuli. Stimuli can be biological and physical. Consciousness is the defining property of living beings.
Metabolism: All the chemical reactions occur in our body. It contains anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism involves constructive processes. It forms complex material e.g., the formation of starch from glucose and the formation of lipids from fatty acids. Catabolism involves destructive processes. It produces simple material. It releases energy e.g., respiration.
Homeostasis: Preserve the internal environment. When the external environment changes the internal environment is not affected.
Energy: Energy needs to do a lot of work in the body. It is required for all cells. Food is a source of energy.
Variations: Variations have the ability to evolve.
Healing and Repair: Living can recover the injured parts.
Life span: Living span has Birth, Growth, Maturity, biological aging, and Death.

Classification of Living things

On the basis of body temperature: Ectothermic: An animal maintains its body temperature from nature, e.g., desert lizards.Endothermic: An animal produces heat from metabolic functions, e.g., mammals and birds.
On the basis of environment body temperature: Warmblood: substances that have the ability to maintain a stable body temperature, e.g., mammals and birds. Cold Blood: Body temperature can vary such as insects, amphibians, and reptiles.
On the basis of weather: Hibernation: Dormancy occurs during winter. Aestivation: Dormancy occurs during summer.
On the basis of aquatic: Anadromous: The Fishes mature in marine water and during the breeding, these migrate into freshwater, e.g., Salmon. Catadromous: The fishes mature in the freshwater and during the breeding, these migrate into marine, e.g., European eels
On the basis of Salinity: Stenohaline: Fish that tolerate low salt levels. Euryhaline: The fishes which tolerate a high range of salinities.

Concept of Biodiversity:

The variety of living differs in many aspects like in size, anatomy, morphology, and other features. Different types of plants and animals present in the world, approx. 1.25 million are animals whereas 0.5 million are plants.

Systematics: This branch of biology is concerned with living organisms into phylogenies, naming, comparing, and studied. Linnaeus and G Simpson coined the Systematics term. The New systematics was coined by Julian Huxley.
Taxonomy: It deals with the principles, identification, nomenclature, and classification of living organisms.
Classification: Arrangement of organisms into categories on the basis of their different affinities. Type of classification:

Artificial Classification: It is based on morphological characters such as color, number, form, and many more. e.g., Linnaeus system of classification
Natural Classification: It is based on different aspects like morphology, anatomy, photochemistry, and others study. e.g., Bentham and Hooker system.
Phylogenetic Classification: It is based on evolutionary, relationships depict by a phylogram or cladogram. e.g., Takhtajan, Engler, and Prantl's system.

Book	Author
Species Plantarum (in 1753, 5900 plant species)	Carolus Linnaeus
Systema Naturae (in 1758, 4326 animal species)	Carolus Linnaeus
Genera Plantarum	Bentham and Hooker
Families of Flowering plants	John Hutchinson
Origin of Species Natural Selection	Charles Darwin
System of Phylogeny of flowering plants	Takhtajan

Table 1: Book and Author

Nomenclature: The naming of living organisms of the particular organism process is known as nomenclature.

Vernacular name (common): name was given by the particular language and region in the world. This is not valid for nomenclature.
Scientific name (Technical): The name of a particular organism given by biologists and valid all over the world.

Binomial nomenclature: This is established by Carolus Linnaeus, provide a distinct name of the organism consists two words generic and specific. e.g., Mango- Mangifera indica (Mangifera is genus and indica is species.

Code of Nomenclature

ICBN- International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
ICZN- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
IC Bac N- International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature
ICVN- International Code of Viral Nomenclature

Taxonomic Hierarchy: Hierarchy includes steps where these steps describe a category. Taxa are different as per the organism.

Kingdom- This is the highest category eg., Kingdom Plantae contains all plants.
Division- It is higher than class. It is made of single or more classes, e.g, Chordata, Arthropoda, etc.
Class- It is formed of single or more orders, e.g, class Mammalia, Insecta, Dicotyledoneae, etc.
Order- It is formed of single or more Families, e.g., Carnivora, Lamiales, Primata, etc.
Family- It is made of single or more genera, e.g., Poaceae, Hominidae, Muscidae, Lamiaceae, etc.
Genus- It is a group of species, e.g., Musca, Triticum, Homo, etc.
Species- Individuals that resemble in the aspect of morphologically and reproductive features, e.g., domestic, sanctum, sapiens, etc.

Categories	Example 1: Human	Example 2: Wheat
Kingdom	Animalia	Plantae
Phylum or Division	Chordata	Angiospermae
Class	Mammalia	Monocotyledonae
Order	Primata	Poales
Family	Hominidae	Poaceae
Genus	Homo	Triticum
Species	sapiens	aestivum

Table 2: Classification of Human and Wheat

See Also: Biological Classification
Bryophytes Pteridophytes
Monera Bacteria Archaebacteria Cyanobacteria

Taxonomical Aids: Taxonomical aids are techniques for the correct classification and identification of an individual. Some techniques to store and preserve the information.

1. Herbarium: Store the dried plant specimens that are preserved on herbarium sheets.

Equipment: Herbarium sheets, blotting papers, sickle, knife, glue, newspapers, transparent polythene bags, notebook, and labels.

Uses of Herbarium:

It gives information on the flora of distant areas.
It gives the authentic identification of unknown plants.
It provides the ecology of different places.
It provides information on the season of flowering.
It gives morphological variations.

Important Herbaria:

Royal Botanical Gardens in London.
Herbarium of National Botanical Research Institute in India.
New York Botanical Garden in New York
Museum of Natural History in Paris.
Madras Herbarium, Coimbatore in India.
Conservatoire at Jardin Botaniques de Geneve in Geneva

Herbarium

2. Botanical garden: Collection of living plants for studies. Botanical gardens are large-sized and different flora are grown for educational and other purposes.

Functions of Botanical Gardens:

Growing local plants.
Record of local plants.
Provide plant specimens.
Seed, fruits, flowers, and other material for research aspect.

Important Botanical Gardens:

Berlin Botanical Garden in Berlin
Indian Botanical Garden in India
Lloyd Botanical Garden in India
New York Botanical Garden in the USA
National Botanical Garden in India
Pisa Botanical Garden in Italy
Royal Botanical Garden in England

3. Museums: preserve plants and animals collected here. Kinds of Museums:

Art Museum: This is used to preserve and exhibit works of art. Example: National Gallery in London.
Natural Science Museum: This is used to display plants, animals, and other organisms present in nature.
History Museum: This is used for past life and events. Example: Mahatma Gandhi in Delhi.
General Museum: This is used for many fields of study.Example: The British Museum in London shows art and ancient documents.
Applied Science Museum: This is used to demonstrate principles and applications related to science and technology. Example: Museum of science and industry in Chicago.

Functions of Museums:

Collection of different specimens.
Recording of specimens according to information available in the record register.
Preservation of Specimens: The material should be protected.
Extract the knowledge from the materials.
Exhibition of specimens in numerous ways.
Museums are an advantage for Education spreading.

Important Museums:

Natural History Museum in London.
National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City.
National Museum of Natural History in Delhi.
United States National Museum in Washington.
Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.
Rock Creek Nature Center in Washington.
Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai.

4. Zoological Parks: Wild animals are protected under human care.

Zoological parks

5. Key: Help in the identification of living individuals based on similarities and dissimilarities.

Conclusion: Living contains responsiveness, variations, adjust well, Consciousness (photoperiods in the flora), Life span, Death, etc.

This article contains Diversity Living World with images and well explanation.

Friday, July 16, 2021

Diversity Living World